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See also:
 Memory usage in Java
 Querying the memory usage of an object
 Reducing memory usage of Java Strings
 Data compression in Java

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Java equivalents of malloc(), new, free() and delete (ctd)

Continued from our introduction to memory management operators in C/C++ and Java.

A Java equivalent of the malloc() function...?

If you've read the previous page on memory management and new in Java, you may be wondering why the current section on malloc() even exists. We've just stated that in Java, all memory has to be accessed via well-defined objects. In C/C++, on the other hand, malloc() gives us a pointer to an arbitrary block of memory. And in Java, there's no such thing, right?

Well, strictly speaking this is true: there isn't a way in Java to access "raw" memory via its address (pointer)— at least, not in a way where the address is visible to your Java program. But Java does provide the following rough equivalents to an area of memory allocated via malloc():

• if you just want a block of bytes, e.g. in order to buffer input form a file or stream, then a common solution is to use a byte array;
• the Java NIO (New I/O) package provides various buffer classes that allow you to manipulate an array or area of memory more flexibly: with methods to get/set a given primitive at a particular offset in the buffer, for example.

So, for example, the equivalent of the following C code:

unsigned char *memarea = (char *) malloc(200);
*(memarea + 10) = 200;
*((int *) (memarea + 16) = 123456;
ch = memarea[4];

would be something along the following lines in Java, using a NIO ByteBuffer object:

ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocate(200);
bb.put(0, (byte) 200);
bb.putInt(16, 123456);
int ch = bb.get(4) & 0xff;

Notice a subtlety of buffer access in Java is that we must deal with sign conversions ourselves. To read an unsigned byte from the ByteBuffer, we must store it in an int (or some primitive big enough to handle values between 128 and 255— basically, anything but a byte!), and must explicitly "AND off" the bits holding the sign.

Performance

Note that in Sun's JVM— and probably other JVMs with a good JIT compiler— accesses to ByteBuffers usually compile directly to MOV instructions at the machine code level. In other words, accessing a ByteBuffer really is usually as efficient as accessing a malloced area of memory from C/C++¹.

Direct byte buffers

In the above example, the byte buffer would actually be "backed" by an ordinary Java byte array. It is even possible to call bb.array() to retrieve the backing array. An alternative that is perhaps closer to malloc() is to create what is called a direct ByteBuffer in Java: a ByteBuffer that is backed by a "pure block of memory" rather than a Java byte array². To do so requires us simply to change the initial call:

ByteBuffer bb = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(200);

Note that from Java, we still don't see or have control over the actual memory address of the buffer. Direct byte buffers have the advantage of accessibility via native code: although the address is of the buffer isn't available or controllable in Java, it is possible for your Java program to interface with native code (via the Java Native Interface). From the native side, you can:

• query the address of a direct buffer;
• allocate a direct buffer around a determined address range.

This very last point is quite significant, as it effectively allows things like device drivers to be written in Java (OK, in "Java plus a couple of lines of C" at any rate...).